Space & Astronomy/Space and Astronomy (October 1993).iso/mac/TEXT/SPACEDIG/V15_4/V15NO442.TXT

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Date: Sat, 21 Nov 92 05:00:06
From: Space Digest maintainer <[e-mail]>
Reply-To: [e-mail]
Subject: Space Digest V15 #442
To: Space Digest Readers
Precedence: bulk


Space Digest                Sat, 21 Nov 92       Volume 15 : Issue 442

Today's Topics:
                  "Jonathan's Space Report, No. 133"
                     `skipping' off an atmosphere
                                COSTAR
                                 etc.
                FREE-ENERGY TECHNOLOGY For Spacecraft
                  Japanese X-ray satellite: Astro_D
                    Mars Simulation in Antarctica
                         Moon Capture Theory
                             NASA Select
                     NASA Town Meetings Schedule
                    Obscure Help  Needed (2 msgs)
                           SATELLITE PHOTO
                      Shuttle computers (2 msgs)
                     Shuttle replacement (4 msgs)
          Skywatch - Nov 15-21 - Meteors Spark up the Night
              space news from Oct 23 Science (not AW&ST)
                         Space suit research?
               SSTO viability, Al Gore, Canadian Geese
                           World in danger

    Welcome to the Space Digest!!  Please send your messages to
    "[e-mail]", and (un)subscription requests of the form
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    (THENET), or [e-mail] (Internet).
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Date: 20 Nov 92 00:34:33 GMT
From: Bruce Watson <[e-mail]>
Subject: "Jonathan's Space Report, No. 133"
Newsgroups: sci.space

In article <[e-mail]| [e-mail] (Jonathan McDowell) writes:
|
|Jonathan's Space Report
|
|No. 133        1992 Nov  18
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|The first successful Zenit launch in over two and a half years
|occurred from Baykonur on Nov 17, after three failures in a row. It
|placed a Russian military signals intelligence satellite in an 850 km
|orbit inclined 71 degrees. The Zenit launch vehicle is built by NPO
|Yuzhnoye in the Ukraine.

With the military payload the upper stage remains in orbit.
The upper stage (1992-076B) is larger and brighter than the payload. It is a
cylinder measuring 3.9 meters in diameter and 10.4 meters in length.
There are identical examples launched with Cosmos 1697, 1833, 1844,
1943, 1980 and 2082. Each of these reaches a dependable +2.5 magnitude
often brightening to +2.

While the earlier cylinders have settled into a gravity gradient mode, length
perpendicular to the earth's surface, each spent time tumbling after launch.
The expected tumbling of Cosmos 2219 r/b will cause it to vary in brightness as
it passes overhead.
--
Bruce Watson (wats@scicom)  Tumbra, Zorkovick; Sparkula zoom krackadomando.
....alien language from an SF short story on a 78-RPM record I had as a kid.

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 1992 17:36:44 GMT
From: Nick Haines <[e-mail]>
Subject: `skipping' off an atmosphere
Newsgroups: sci.space

What does this term mean? Is it just a failed re-entry mode where your
perigee is too large so you leave the atmosphere again (with a smaller
apogee due to retardation)? Or is it more complex and something to do
with hot gases?

Replies by email, then I'll summarize.

Nick Haines [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: 19 Nov 92 21:58:23 GMT
From: Curtis Roelle <roelle@uars_mag.jhuapl.edu>
Subject: COSTAR
Newsgroups: sci.space

[e-mail] (John Roberts) writes:


>-From: roelle@uars_mag.jhuapl.edu (Curtis Roelle)
>-Subject: Re: COSTAR
>-Date: 17 Nov 92 15:07:18 GMT
>-Organization: Johns Hopkins University

>-Has an assessment of potential risks has been prepared and reviewed?
>-What could go wrong?  Where are the primary risk areas?  e.g. failure
>-to grapple the telescope, failure to extract the module COSTAR
>-replaces, engineering uncertainties that might lead to the new optical
>-path missing the aperture opening, etc.

[Amusing story about a sticky problem -- compressed ==> $%*& ]

>Somewhat more plausible scenario - the mirrors only partially deploy,
>blocking the original light paths, but not implementing the new light paths,
>and efforts to retract them fail. (I presume they'll try to deploy while
>HST is still attached to the Shuttle - if all else fails, a couple of burly
>astronauts can try to yank the whole assembly out of HST.)

What if they're not burly enough?  Is there a contingency plan to retrieve
HST from orbit if all fails, or, would it be jettisoned, even if that meant
leaving it in a non-usable configuration?

Curt Roelle

------------------------------

Date: 19 Nov 92 03:43:51 GMT
From: william grimm <[e-mail]>
Subject: etc.
Newsgroups: sci.space

Mr. McElwaine, the reason the McLintock "Air Motor" isn't being used is
that aliens from Tau Ceti hold exclusive patents on it for the next 1/2
galactic rotation period.  Low-energy, but hey- those alien patent laws
are rough :}.
Sorry for the waste of bandwidth.

 This is from
     [e-mail]
who doesn't have his (or her) own obnoxious signature yet

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 92 14:23:26 GMT
From: [e-mail]
Subject: FREE-ENERGY TECHNOLOGY For Spacecraft

> The only vested interest the utilities have is to their past investment of
> money in their power plants.  But the above advantages reduce operating costs
> SO much that they would jump at it.  (imagine an electric plant that doesn't

> need to buy any coal, has virtually no cost related to safety equipment,
spends
> nothing on environmental technology, and still charges what it used
to)==profit!
>


I agree. EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) funds all sorts of
technology, some of it things that government$ and $tati$t$ won't fund because
of the politic$ involved. For instance, EPRI are still funding cold fusion
experiments because the  chance that it might work out is, as you put it,
something they would virtually kill for.

I have this disturbing impression that this McElwaine fellow sounds like the La
Rouchians, although Lyndon's conspiracy theories only had to do with politics
and economics. His science was usually not that bad, and Fusion Magazine was
actually quite good when it stayed away from his politics. (As an old L5
Society activist, I'm still waiting for my "psycho-sexual gratification" :-)

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 1992 05:14:08 GMT
From: Robert W Murphree <[e-mail]>
Subject: Japanese X-ray satellite: Astro_D
Newsgroups: sci.astro,sci.space

[e-mail] (Patrick Slane) writes:
>> The US hasn't launched any free-flyers in the X-ray since
>> HEAO or Eistein 10 years ago, have they? A few detectors on
>> other people's satellites of course, but nothing big since
>> Einstein.

>Yes, the US space program has had it's difficulties with the concept
>behind these "Great Observatories" and this is changing. AXAF, while
>still undeniably a "big science" project, has been streamlined and
>divided into two missions. AXAF-I will provide the very high angular
>resolution mirrors necessary to do arc-second imaging - and will have
>spectral resolution like that of Astro-D (using a CCD developed by the
>same folks who are providing the Astro-D versions) plus gratings for
>higher resolution studies. AXAF-S will provide higher spectral resolution
>capabilities, with lower angular resolution mirrors. And though these
>missions are long overdue, the US x-ray community has hardly been
>sitting on its collective hands. Let's not forget that ROSAT was launched
>by the US and carries the HRI which is a US instrument, and that MAJOR
>portions of Astro-D (as John noted) were developed by US investigators.
>I know this is the "few detectors on other people's satellites" you
>were talking about, but between the two missions you've got US mirrors,
>CCDs, an HRI and a launch...

I guess, as an amateur astronomer and science kibbitzer my perspective
is different.  After HEAO(Einstein) got all those nice results that
were written up for us amateurs, it just seemed there WASN't any
extra-solar x-ray results to read about for about 10 years.  I know
it was probably like IRAS where you had new results from 10 year
old data every 6 months from 1983 til the present.  But it was very
FRUSTRATING to get that rush of results from the 60's and 70's and
then this 10 year desert.  I know the smaller japanese satellites
and shuttle-born stuff was still producing results during that time
but there wasn't much in the popular science press describing it.


Maybe now some nice scientist will write up ROSAT's results in a
lengthy fashion for amateurs and I'll quit making snide comments
about The US contribution.  I know that US x-ray astronomers and
x-ray instrumentalists have not been idle and It's nice to know
that new technology like the higher energy resolution ccd detectors
is still being developed.  But it would also be nice, in paternalistic
controlling way, to think that we had a CONTINUOUS window observatory
on the x-ray window like the IUE and not these observatories that
go up for 2 years and then leave us with no eyes in that spectral
window for so long.  I also know that professionals whose careers
depend on a 10 year mission suffer in a much more real way than
thankfully, I ever shall over the delays.  Probably as good a way
to learn patience as any other, I guess.   1

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 92 20:32:17 GMT
From: [e-mail]
Subject: Mars Simulation in Antarctica

> Antarctica is now a nuclear free zone and the reactors were removed.

Another round goes to the nucleophobes. It's enough to make one want to
leave the planet...

======
Happiness is the Earth in            Dale Amon

your rearview mirror.                [e-mail]
======

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 1992 02:02:22 GMT
From: Henry Spencer <[e-mail]>
Subject: Moon Capture Theory
Newsgroups: sci.space

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Tom) writes:
>Of course, while everyone is discussing cheaper or better ways to colonize
>the moon, why not discuss cheaper and better ways to answer these questions
>about lunar composition?  Seems to me that spending $$ to design a lunar
>colony (as I understand NASA did/is doing) without knowing what's available
>is the ultimate 'putting-your-eggs-in-one-basket'.

Better than discussing it, go visit your Congressthing and ask him to
support Griffin's attempts to get low-cost unmanned lunar-science missions
into the NASA budget.  Griffin, at least, is fully aware of the need to do
better geochemical surveys of the Moon before anything more ambitious...
but he can't get any *funding* for it.

By the way, NASA is not even thinking about a lunar *colony*, much less
planning one, although they are interested in lunar bases.
--
MS-DOS is the OS/360 of the 1980s.      | Henry Spencer @ U of Toronto Zoology
              -Hal W. Hardenbergh (1985)|  [e-mail]  utzoo!henry

------------------------------

Date: 19 Nov 92 21:07:00 GMT
From: Mike Ditto <[e-mail]>
Subject: NASA Select
Newsgroups: sci.space

Hi, all!

        I live in the Denver Metropolitan Area, and I'm a subscriber of TCI
cable.  TCI does not carry NASA Select TV full time, or even just during
launches.  How can we, as patrons of this huge cable TV provider, convice
them to replace one of their plethora of unused channels or preview guide
channels with this educational network?  If you have any suggestions, please
let me know.

                                        Mike Ditto
                                        Sysop, People Against
                                        Stupidity and Ignorance BBS
                                        FidoNet 1:104/240

--
Mike Ditto - via ParaNet node 1:104/422
UUCP: !scicom!paranet!User_Name
INTERNET: [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 1992 15:24:22 GMT
From: Gregory Aharonian <[e-mail]>
Subject: NASA Town Meetings Schedule
Newsgroups: sci.space

    Here's a list of the remaining NASA Town Meetings around the country.
I missed the New England because I found out too late (was this stuff ever
posted to the NET?).

        December 3, 2:00-6:30 pm, Ramo Auditorium, CALTECH, Pasadena

        December 11, 2:00-6:30 pm, Theater 1, Univ. of South Florida
                       Tampa

        December 15, 2:0-6:30 pm, Student Union, Univ.of Washington

                      Upper Campus, Seattle, WA

For more information, call 202-453-3006


For anyone who goes, how about pestering the NASA officials to make more
NASA information available over the nets.

Greg Aharonian
--
**************************************************************************
Greg Aharonian
Source Translation & Optimiztion
P.O. Box 404, Belmont, MA 02178

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 1992 15:12:57 GMT
From: "Mitchell E. Gold" <[e-mail]>
Subject: Obscure Help  Needed
Newsgroups: sci.space

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (James Davis Nicoll) writes:
       I still find it hard to believe that I could so completely
   forget a skill I used every day not so  long ago. It's also hard to
   believe no book store seems to stock books on the subject anymore.
   Are there no slide-rule makers left?
--

My high school's physics class used to teach how to use a slide rule even
though most people would use calculators. This was stopped in 1984 or 1985
when the last slide-rule company went out of production. Too bad I didn't
take physics until 85-86.
--
Mitchell Gold, [e-mail]

------------------------------

Date: 20 Nov 92 16:45:17 GMT
From: John Thompson Reynolds <[e-mail]>
Subject: Obscure Help  Needed
Newsgroups: sci.space

Has anybody out there seen any slide rules for sale?  The closest
thing I've been able to find is a simple circular slide rule included in a
"basic navigation kit".

|> In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (James Davis Nicoll) writes:
|>        I still find it hard to believe that I could so completely
|>    forget a skill I used every day not so  long ago. It's also hard to
|>    believe no book store seems to stock books on the subject anymore.
|>    Are there no slide-rule makers left?
|> --

------------------------------

Date: Thu, 19 Nov 1992 15:56:31 GMT
From: Andrew Tron <[e-mail]>
Subject: SATELLITE PHOTO
Newsgroups: sci.space

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Gary Coffman) writes:
>In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (IEGS000) writes:
>>COULD SOMEONE HELP ME: SUPPOSE A HURRICANE JUST BLEW IN! WHERE CAN I
>>FIND A SATELLITE PHOTOS OF IT'S PROGRESS?
>
>Try the Weather Channel, or if you don't have cable, your local broadcast
>TV station's weathercast.
>
You can also get North American satellite photos in .gif format via anonymous
ftp.  The site is "vmd.cso.uiuc.edu".  Once you connect, cd to directory
"wx".  The current visual and infrared high-resolution images are stored
in the files "cvis.gif" and "cir.gif".  You can also get images from the
past 24 hours -- however these are lower resolution to conserve disk space.
Be sure to set mode to "binary" before getting the images.

A note on interpreting the infrared images: basically speaking, a whiter
portion of the image == colder cloud tops == higher cloud tops == more severe
weather.  This bit of info I got from a weather briefer at Milville Flight
Service Station while I was waiting out a line of thunderstorms.
--
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Andrew Tron at Princeton University  | [e-mail]
And of the living ... none, not one who truly loves the sky
Would trade a hundred earth bound hours for one that he could fly.

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 92 14:31:00 GMT
From: [e-mail]
Subject: Shuttle computers

John:

TO my knowledge they only load the machines from tape on board. They
do have the ability to override and to take out machines manually via
a set of buttons at the front of the shuttle. I think they are in the
center position, reachable from either left or right hand seat.

I'd have to pull out my copy of the control panel documentation (the
REAL thing :-) to be sure.

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 92 20:38:22 GMT
From: [e-mail]
Subject: Shuttle computers

Rob Andrews said he was looking for this reference:

Gene D. Carlow, 'Architecture of the Space Shuttle Primary Avionics
Software System', CACM 27, 926-936, (1984).

------------------------------

Date: 19 Nov 92 19:20:16 GMT
From: "Allen W. Sherzer" <[e-mail]>
Subject: Shuttle replacement
Newsgroups: sci.space.shuttle,sci.space

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Michael V. Kent) writes:

>>I don't doubt that much cheaper expendables CAN be build (Zenith Star
>>launchers for example cut costs in half). I simply don't believe that the US
>>government can build them.

>Then why do you propose that the U. S. government build Delta Clipper?

I don't.

I do propose that government build the DC-Y which is a research vehicle
and not an operational vehicle. I believe that the operational Delta
Clipper should be build with private funds.

Even here you will note that great care is going to find the agency to
build DC-Y. Using conventional procurement practices nither NASA nor
DoD could build DC-Y. However, SDIO and a few sections within DoD
are open enough to execute the program.

   Allen
--
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Allen W. Sherzer | "A great man is one who does nothing but leaves        |
|  [e-mail]     |  nothing undone"                                       |
+----------------------156 DAYS TO FIRST FLIGHT OF DCX----------------------+

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 1992 02:07:51 GMT
From: Henry Spencer <[e-mail]>
Subject: Shuttle replacement
Newsgroups: sci.space.shuttle,sci.space

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Steinn Sigurdsson) writes:
>   The right question is:  why should the DCs be much more complex than
>   high-performance aircraft?
>
>Intrinsically I see no reason why an orbital launcher should be
>more complex than that - as a matter of practicality though there is the
>fact that you have a lot of energy to be controlled in a very short
>time...

The engines are the one part of the DC birds that really do have to be
built to much more severe specs than anything found in aircraft.  But
this is a solved problem.  The RL10 (which DC-X will use) has already
demonstrated a dozen (test-stand) firings in a row without maintenance.
Most mature liquid-fuel rocket engines are really quite reliable and
would not need a lot of maintenance.  The SSME is not typical.
--
MS-DOS is the OS/360 of the 1980s.      | Henry Spencer @ U of Toronto Zoology
              -Hal W. Hardenbergh (1985)|  [e-mail]  utzoo!henry

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 1992 14:24:45 GMT
From: "Allen W. Sherzer" <[e-mail]>
Subject: Shuttle replacement
Newsgroups: sci.space

In article <q![e-mail]> [e-mail] (Michael V. Kent) writes:

>The Shuttle does many many things that nothing else in the fleet will do.  The
>most obvious is serve as a manned spacecraft.

Nonsense. In a pinch we can stick a Soyuz on an Atlas or Titan.

>The original article in this thread listed many more.

All of which have existing or near term alternatives.

>>Titan IV can lift any existing or planned payload Shuttle can lift.

>The Shuttle has twice the payload capacity of the Titan IV.

Nonsense.

>It can also
>launch cargoes the Titan IV can't touch.  Would _you_ volunteer to fly a
>Spacelab mission in a Titan IV payload fairing?

What I would do is to use the Titan to launch it, dock with any of the
simple, easially built space station ideas exising today and operate it
year round. That way we can use Spacelab 365 days a year instead of
a week or so every two years.

Let's not forget that one capability of the Shuttle is the ability to
insure that key experiments are only done once every few years or so.
It is only one of the many ways that the space shuttle is hampering
routine cheap access to space.

  Allen
--
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Allen W. Sherzer | "A great man is one who does nothing but leaves        |
|  [e-mail]     |  nothing undone"                                       |
+----------------------155 DAYS TO FIRST FLIGHT OF DCX----------------------+

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 1992 14:34:07 GMT
From: "Allen W. Sherzer" <[e-mail]>
Subject: Shuttle replacement
Newsgroups: sci.space.shuttle,sci.space

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Steinn Sigurdsson) writes:

>...but the operation costs do seem quite optimistic, in
>particular I'd have thought the early years operation would be higher
>while ground support learned some maintenance procedures and
>operational experience was developed on what needs inspection and
>refurbishing between flights?

That is largely what DC-X & Y are for. Things will change with an operational
system, but not that much. One goal is five flights without major maintenance.
That means all it needs for the second launch is to be re-fueled.

Most of the savings are because we are approaching the problem in a different
way. The old way costs did need to be high because designs where complex
and always pushed the technology. Keeping it simple (the first rule of good
engineering), using existing well tested technology, and not pushing
envelopes reduces costs.

>Hmm, didn't you just say that Congress should just fund the DC-X,Y?

A mis-statement on my part. I ment if Congress properly funds DC-Y. I
do expect that DC-1 would be built by the private sector.

     Allen

--
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Allen W. Sherzer | "A great man is one who does nothing but leaves        |
|  [e-mail]     |  nothing undone"                                       |
+----------------------155 DAYS TO FIRST FLIGHT OF DCX----------------------+

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 92 07:30:08 GMT
From: Glen K Moore <[e-mail]>
Subject: Skywatch - Nov 15-21 - Meteors Spark up the Night
Newsgroups: sci.space

Yes please. I write a similar newsletter in Australia on a local network and
for an interactive science centre.
The more information/ideas get out to the public then the greater the suport
for astronomy/space science.
I look forward to future editions.
Glen Moore
Science Centre, Wollongong

------------------------------

Date: 20 Nov 92 14:07:09 GMT
From: "Wm. Douglas Withers -- math  FACULTY <[e-mail]>" <[e-mail]>
Subject: space news from Oct 23 Science (not AW&ST)
Newsgroups: sci.space,alt.sci.planetary

In article <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (Henry Spencer) writes:
>The 23 Oct issue of Science has three very interesting papers, the formal
>scientific announcement of the radar discovery of ice at Mercury's poles.
>Herewith a short summary...
[rest deleted]

I wonder why the same techniques can't be used to shed light on the question
of the presence of ice at the Moon's poles.  Comments, anyone?

Followups are directed to alt.sci.planetary.
--
Els Withers                   email: [e-mail]
Department of Mathematics     phone: [phone] / fax: [phone]
United States Naval Academy
Annapolis, MD  21402-5002     Senri no tabi mo ippo yori...

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 1992 16:51:24 GMT
From: "Edward V. Wright" <[e-mail]>
Subject: Space suit research?
Newsgroups: sci.space

In <[e-mail]> [e-mail] (John Roberts) writes:

>-or are there long term bio effects????

>There *may* be. For example, one of the Apollo astronauts, after a busy day
>on the moon, had bleeding under his fingernails - thought to be mainly a
>result of the low pressure. Little indications like that made NASA uneasy. :-)

I can't see any reason why low pressure would cause bleeding under the nails
as long as the pressure inside the body was equally low.  Sounds like NASA
was worried about a pressure leak in the gloves, causing the pressure there
to be lower than the pressure in the rest of the suit.  That could, quite
likely, cause bleeding, with the pressure inside the body pushing a small
amount of blood through the skin under the nails (which is quite thin).

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 92 10:56:03 -0600
From: [e-mail] (Phil G. Fraering)
Subject: SSTO viability, Al Gore, Canadian Geese

>I have read statements to this effect, written by persons whose eyes
>presumably glow red in the dark (such is their political fervor), but
>most people who make an effort to be objective about the matter and
>who have actually studied his record would find it hard to ignore
>Senator Gore's involvement in non-environmental (especially technical)
>issues.

Yah, but the nature of the involvement is disturbing. National networks
and all that are fine, but who's going to be doing space exploration
if NASA ends up building NREN (as I've heard in unsubstantiated rumors
left in my e-mailbox from people using STMP protocols to send them)?

\What *I'd* like to know is why geese feel it necessary to honk frequently
/as they fly along, and what perhaps 50% of them know about Canada, that
\they refuse to go there even in the summer! :-)

They're afraid of the customs officers apparently.


--
Phil Fraering
In the country of the blind....
60 minutes doesn't run stories about people trying to ban hearing

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 92 10:48:38 -0600
From: [e-mail] (Phil G. Fraering)
Subject: World in danger

-From: [e-mail] (be here now)
-Subject: world in danger
-Date: 19 Nov 92 18:51:33 GMT

-Yesterday evening (11/17) on Headline News a short (~1 minute) news
-item was read about a group of scientists who had published a document
-warning us of the danger we're all in becuase of the rapid depletion
-of the ozone and the also rapid extinction of many species of animals.
-The news item was very brief and did not mention any names nor even
-the title of the paper that was published.

-It seems to me that if something as (seemingly) important as this
-ought to have had more attention paid to it than a one-minute news
-blurb without references.

-Bob Pietkivitch     | "Moon, my long lost friend, is smiling from above."
[e-mail]  |  -- Genesis, Stagnation 1970

Possibly because if it's covered in more than a 30 second blurb they
might have to mention that many scientists _don't_ think the world
is ending.

And CNN isn't any better: they don't have enough time to cover science,
they're too busy covering stuff like the men's movement and how you
have to get in touch with your spear etc. (I'm serious! Who saw that
this morning?) although the political bias of the owner is going to
ensure that you won't hear about it when someone finds evidence that
the sky _isn't_ falling.


--
Phil Fraering
In the country of the blind....
60 minutes doesn't run stories about people trying to ban hearing

------------------------------

Date: Fri, 20 Nov 92 10:16:44 -0600
From: "Kenneth E. Lawrence" <[e-mail]>

SUB SAPACEPACE Kenneth E. Lawrence

------------------------------

End of Space Digest Volume 15 : Issue 442
------------------------------